{"id":1912,"date":"2026-03-18T08:12:15","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T08:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cnxdauto.com\/?p=1912"},"modified":"2026-03-18T08:15:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T08:15:55","slug":"cylinder-head-bolts-engine-sealing-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cnxdauto.com\/ar\/blog\/automotive-fasteners\/cylinder-head-bolts-engine-sealing-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ask any engine builder what keeps a cylinder head sealed under boost, and they\u2019ll point to the head bolts before anything else. Not the gasket, not the surface finish, but the bolts. They\u2019re what hold everything together under pressure, and when they\u2019re wrong, nothing else in the system can compensate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cylinder head bolts <\/a>don\u2019t just clamp the head down. They maintain a specific, calibrated force across the gasket through thousands of heat cycles, through combustion pressures that can exceed 200 bar in turbocharged diesel engines, and across the full service life of the engine. Get that force wrong\u2014too low, too high, or uneven\u2014and the gasket doesn\u2019t stand a chance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Role of Cylinder Head Bolts in Engine Structure<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The cylinder head sits at the top of the combustion chamber. It handles combustion pressure from the inside while dealing with steep thermal gradients between the hot combustion face and the cooler outer surfaces. Below it, the engine block forms the other half of that boundary. The head gasket fills the gap between them, sealing off combustion gases, coolant passages, and oil channels all at once.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bolts are what make that seal work. A gasket only seals when it\u2019s held under sufficient, even compressive stress. Every bit of that stress comes from bolt preload. Maintaining it across the life of the engine is the entire job of the head fastener system.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Cylinder Head Bolt<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Preload, Torque, and Their Relationship<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Preload is the tensile force a bolt develops when tightened. Torque is how you get there. The two are connected through a fairly straightforward relationship:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T = K \u00d7 F \u00d7 d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where T is applied torque (N\u00b7m), K is the torque coefficient, F is the target preload (N), and d is the bolt\u2019s nominal diameter (m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The torque coefficient K is where things get practically important. It shifts depending on thread lubrication, surface coating, and condition. An unlubricated bolt might carry a K of 0.20 or above. A properly lubricated one drops to 0.13\u20130.17. That gap translates to a 20\u201330% difference in actual preload for the same wrench torque. This is exactly why installation procedures specify lubricant type. Swapping in a different oil or skipping lubrication entirely doesn\u2019t just deviate from procedure. It changes what the bolt is actually doing inside the joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torque Specifications for Different Engines<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Torque values aren\u2019t transferable from one engine to the next. Each specification is calculated for that engine\u2019s bolt diameter, fastener grade, bolt pattern, gasket stiffness, and target combustion pressure. Using the wrong value, even for a mechanically similar engine, is a risk not worth taking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To give a practical sense of the ranges involved:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 60-110 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a (M10-M12\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 10.9 \u0623\u0648 TTY)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 80-150 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 (M11-M14\u060c TTY \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 200-400 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a (M16-M22\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 10.9 \u0623\u0648 12.9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a TTY \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 - \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 + 45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0643. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064d. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 OEM\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u062a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a TTY \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a TTY \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c OEM \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 10.9 \u0623\u0648 12.9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 - \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a TTY \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n